Embedded Systems in IoT (Internet of Things)

An Embedded System in IoT is a small, specialized computer system that is designed to perform a specific task within a larger system and is often connected to the internet for data exchange.

Key Concepts:

  1. Embedded System

    • A combination of hardware (microcontroller, sensors, actuators) and software (firmware) designed for dedicated functions.

    • Usually real-time, low power, and optimized for a single application.

  2. IoT (Internet of Things)

    • A network of smart, connected devices that collect and exchange data using embedded systems, sensors, and communication protocols.

How Embedded Systems Power IoT:

Embedded System Role In IoT Context
Data Collection Sensors in embedded systems monitor temperature, motion, etc.
Processing Microcontrollers process sensor data locally.
Communication Modules like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee send data to cloud or other devices.
Control Actuators are triggered based on processed data (e.g., turn off lights).

Examples:

  • Smart Thermostat: Measures room temperature and adjusts AC.

  • Fitness Tracker: Tracks steps, heart rate, syncs data to mobile.

  • Smart Irrigation: Moisture sensors in soil control water pumps.

  • Industrial IoT: Embedded systems in machines monitor health and send alerts.

Common Components:

  • Microcontroller Units (MCUs) – e.g., Arduino, ESP32, STM32

  • Sensors – temperature, pressure, motion, etc.

  • Communication Modules – Wi-Fi (ESP8266), Zigbee, LoRa

  • Actuators – motors, relays, valves